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Atherosclerosis - The Basics.

normal function of the arterial system

It is important to understand the importance of atherosclerosis and definitions of the disease will help to understand the meaning.

Atherosclerosis - definition

A form of atherosclerosis by patchy subintimal thickening (atheromas) of medium and large arteries, which reduce or impede the blood flow.

arteriosclerosis - definition

is a generic term for several diseases in which the arterial wall is thickened and loses elasticity.

Sclero - Hardening
Arterio
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Large elastic arteries arteries arteries carry blood from the heart, they are divided into medium-sized, muscular arteries branching view in the whole body. Mean arteries divide into smaller arteries, which further divide into smaller arteries called arterioles. Arterioles entering tissue establishment in many very small blood vessels called capillaries, which by their very thin walls allow the exchange of substances between blood and tissues.

Inside tissue, unite groups of capillaries, small veins or venules. These venules merge to form veins. The veins return blood to the heart. Blood vessels, like all tissues, including nutrients and O2. The larger ships are on their own terms Vasa vasorum blood vessels (vascular system of vessels). These are located within the walls of the great vessels.

arterial wall consists of three layers (tunics) Innermost Tunica intima (internal) consists of a layer of simple squamous epithelium called the endothelium, a basement membrane and a layer of elastic tissue, the internal elastic lamina.

The endothelium is the inner surface of the entire cardiovascular system and is a continuous layer of cells. It is the only tissue that, under normal conditions, so contact with the blood in the lumen (hollow center of the vessels).

Middle

Tunica media usually the thickest layer. Where in the elastic fibers and smooth muscle cells or cells extending in a circle around the Tunica intima. Because of the elastic fibers, arteries generally have high compliance or the pressure varies.

Outer

Tunica Externa elastic and collagen fibers. In the muscular arteries of an external elastic lamina of elastic tissue separates from the Tunica externa Tunica media.

Contraction and dilation of the arteries of neurons of the autonomous nervous system innervate vascular smooth muscle cells cause vasoconstriction - narrowing of the vessels. The smooth muscle fibers relax when sympathetic stimulation decreases or if some chemicals are present, such as NO, K +, H + and lactic acid.

Vaso dilatation elastic arteries or arteries with a large diameter. The Tunica media contains a large amount of elastic fibers. The arteries Help system to propel the blood in the chambers of the heart, relax before the next cycle. The elastic fibers store mechanical energy for a short time and as a pressure reservoir. The elastic recoil and arterial blood supply, while the chambers relax by potential energy to kinetic energy.

keeps blood caused by the arteries, even if the ventricles are relaxed. Cholesterol is a major player in the formation of arterial plaques.

A diet high in fats in the absorption of cholesterol with the bile back to the blood, so that less cholesterol is lost in faeces.

Although saturated fats are removed, hepatocytes (the liver) some of the degradation products to cholesterol.

So a diet high in saturated fats increase cholesterol in the blood. The lipid profile test measures total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and triglycerides (VLDL's), while the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is calculated as follows: LDL = TC - HDL - ( VLDL /S) mg /dl (milligrams per 100 ml of blood) of adults are: TC <200 mg /dl, LDL <130 mg /dl, HDL <40 mg /dl, triglycerides 10 - 190 mg /dl

coronary heart disease rises as the total cholesterol increases. The risk of heart attack doubles with each 50mg/dL (1.3mml /L) greater than 200mg/dL (5.2mml /L).

total cholesterol of 200-300 mg /dL and LDL of 130-159 mg /dl are high. The level of total cholesterol> 239 mg /dL and LDL> 159 mg /dL are high.

The ratio of total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol is predictive of the risk of coronary heart disease. A person with a total cholesterol of 180 mg /dl and HDL of 60 mg /dl has a risk ratio of 3 Ratios above 4 are not desirable and the higher the ratio the greater the risk for heart disease or coronary artery disease.

Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis

definition

Arteriosclerosis - A generic term for several diseases in which the arterial wall is thickened and loses elasticity.

atherosclerosis - a form of arteriosclerosis by patchy subintimal thickening (atheromas) of medium and large arteries, reducing blood flow to obstruct. Sclerosis

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fibrosis causes - high LDL transport, cytomegolovirus (a common herpes virus), high blood sugar levels (diabetes mellitus)

start thinking about one of the above damaging an artery endothelium, promoting the aggregation of platelets and by attracting scavenger cells.

The prevalence of clinical manifestations of artherosclerosis usually increases after menopause women and starts to that in age matched men.

pathogenesis /pathology

Atherosclerosis consists of an accumulation of intra-and extra cellular lipids, connective tissue, glycosaminoglycans, smooth muscle cells.

early detection of atherosclerosis plaque is in the form of lipid-laden foam cells. These are macrophages, monocytes, as the migration from circulation into the subendothelial layer of the intima, which later in the form of fibrous plaque. This consists of intimal smooth muscle cells surrounded by connective tissue, and both intra-and extra mobile lipids.

atherosclerotic vessels have systolic (contractile) and expansion waves. People with hypertension who have arterosclerotic arterial elasticity, further reduced when atherosclerosis develops.

This is a probable relationship between the two proposed hypotheses for the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, the lipid hypothesis and the chronic endothelial injury hypothesis.

There is a close relationship between these two hypotheses. Modified LDL is cytotoxic to endothelial cells. This may lead to injury, for the extraction of monocytes and macrophages, which become foam cells are trapped in the endothelial space. The atherosclerotic plaque develops and grows slowly for decades. Over time, vessels are occluded and calcified. Plaques rich in lipids and inflammatory cells can be triggered by a thin fibrous cap, the breaking, with the content of the blood.

The break in the plaque can be encouraged to embolize thrombosis (blood clots) and obstruct the lumen of the vessel either locally (perhaps distal) or proximal to lung and cardiac vessels.

Atherosclerosis is typically silent until critical sclerosis, thrombosis, aneurysm, or embolus manifests.

In the early stages, symptoms and signs that are not in a position the blood flow to the affected tissue to increase the demand for example, angina pectoris, if exercised. Symptoms develop gradually as the atheroma relies on the vessel lumen, but symptoms can be dramatic, if a main artery is occluded.

causes of atherosclerosis - the role of cholesterol and lipoproteins

The most important factor causing atherosclerosis is a high number of blood plasma as LDL-cholesterol is. The blood plasma concentration of LDL cholesterol is directly reduced saturated fat meal, and any form of cholesterol.

Both can contribute to the development of atherosclerosis. It was found by rabbits on the cholesterol diet, which developed severe atherosclerotic plaques throughout their arterial system.

Arteriosclerotic arteries lose most of their distensibility and because of the degenerative in their walls, they are easily broken. Where the plaques protrude into the flowing blood, the roughness of the surfaces causes blood clots to develop, leading to thrombosis or embolus, which suddenly block blood flow in the artery.

Sebaceous Cyst - a tumor

sclerosis - difficult

Sis - condition or procedure endocytosis

- cholesterol normal cholesterol entry to cell - receptor-mediated endocytosis Cholesterol is an essential prerequisite for membrane structure and for the synthesis of steroid hormones. However, high cholesterol can lead to heart disease. Cholesterol is a water-soluble non-polar molecule, which bind to a lipoprotein carrier molecule for the transport in the blood.

is the most common lipoprotein LDL (low density lipoprotein). LDL-cholesterol in the cells by endocytosis, where LDL receptors on the cell plasma membrane bind to the protein. People with an inherited genetic defect that the number of LDL receptors on the cell membrane may not be enough cholesterol transport in the cells, so that LDL cholesterol remains in the blood plasma. This can result in abnormally high blood levels of LDL cholesterol, which predisposes the person to whom the development of atherosclerosis or commonly known as hardening of the arteries. The accumulation of cholesterol in the blood blocks the blood flow and contributes to heart attack.

aid in the elimination of cholesterol

A substance as beta glucan helps remove cholesterol from the intestine. Beta-glucan is in some foods, eg oats, but with the beta-glucan carbohydrates are also included, so that mopping up cholesterol with the help of beta-glucan in foods such as oats, may lead to excess carbohydrates to build form of fat, unless it is burned through exercise.

Exercise is necessary in order to burn the calories contained in the food. All foods have a list of calories per weight of food on the packaging. You can contact the author for information on a supplement with beta-glucan - please use the links provided.

Ron Campeanu

Reference:

1. Human Physiology, Dee Unglaub Silver Thorn, p 145-146, Pearsons

2. Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy, p. 1654-1658, Merck

3. Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology, Tortora, GJ & Grabowsky, SR, p. 697-699, 921, Wiley

4. Textbook of Medical Physiology, Guyton, AC and Hall, MD, PhD JE, p 789, Saunders

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